The application of the theory of text worlds in the analysis of short stories of "In the Train" by Muhammad Timour

Introduction: Text Worlds Theory “not only focuses on the study of the entire text but also examines the structures surrounding the production and interpretation of the text. The fundamental assumption in Text Worlds Theory is that humans comprehend discourse through mental representations and constructs, and accordingly, when people communicate with each other, they visualize scenes, spaces, and worlds in their minds.

Text Worlds Theory, as a cognitive stylistic approach, aims to cover what literary text creators achieve with language and believes in the readers' understanding of literary texts with a hierarchical three-layered structure. It posits that each discourse consists of a "Discourse World" where communication takes place, a "Text World" where mental representations of participants are portrayed, and a third layer called "Sub Worlds" which delves into the concepts and ideologies governing the text in the context of three sub worlds. The main question in this study is whether Text Worlds Theory can contribute to a better understanding of the text and whether this theory can provide a tool for analyzing the text's impact on the reader, addressing other questions such as:

- Which narrative elements of the story "In the Train" canbe identified using Text Worlds Theory?

- How does identifying these elements assist in interpreting different textual worlds in the mentioned story?

Methodology: This approach falls within the realm of new areas in the framework of cognitive studies related to literature, encompassing both text and mind.

Results and discussion: Text Worlds Theory consists of three conceptual layers: Discourse World, Text World, and Sub Worlds, which are briefly explained below:

Discourse World: This layer essentially forms a Situational context or immediate context of situation; its elements include "perceptions of immediate situation,

Beliefs and knowledge, memories, hopes, dreams, intentions, and analysis of discourse participants."

Text World: Through the interaction of text participants with language, the Text World is formed. It consists of a conceptual space created by discourse participants and the formation of text based on mental constructs through world-building elements and function advancing propositions. Time, place, characters, and objects constitute world-building elements, while function advancing propositions accelerate the narrative process by representing actions, events, etc.

Sub Worlds: Beliefs and perspectives of characters are created in the Sub Worlds and are generally divided into three categories:

Deictic Sub World: The three elements of time, place, character, and object determine a referential sub world.

- Attitudinal Subsumed Worlds: In this world, three areas of conceptual activity called want worlds, worlds of beliefs, and intend worlds are active. Epistemic Sub Worlds: The third layer of Sub Worlds is the epistemic sub world, which the Text World is capable of representing in terms of possibility and probability.

The methodology of this qualitative, descriptive-analytical research employs a cognitive linguistic approach with the perspective of Paul Werth (1999). Various elements of this short story have been selected and analyzed from the perspective of text worlds.

The discourse participants include the readers of this story, who are the researchers, located at home, and the creator of this story, Mohammad Teimoor, with a temporal and spatial distance between the writer and its contacts. Among the influential factors on discourse, the background knowledge of the contacts and the beliefs, memories, and aspirations of this Arabic-speaking writer are mentioned.

As a result, the narrative elements of the story are aligned with the narrative construction; from the confined space of the train compartment to the open space of disembarking and a train that travels around, symbolizing distant futures. Therefore, the narrative construction of the story revolves around the spatial and temporal signs, characters, and objects that make up the story's space.

In this short story, the function advancing propositions are mostly in the service of constructing and spreading the narrative plot, and their text type is mostly narrative, and the document type in it is of the executive type.

The narrator in this short story, through the Deictic Sub World, immerses the contacts in the sub world and provides the potential for information about the characters, which is deleted in this possibility. In this short story, the frequency of attitudinal sub worlds has been internalized with belief and want worlds, and the epistemic world of this story is more about possibility and probability, inciting and internalizing for the near future.

Conclusion: Text Worlds Theory is one of the cognitive linguistic tools that provide the reader with the capability to closely examine the components and structures of the text and discourse.

In identifying the Discourse World layer, it was observed that based on the beliefs, interactions, and personal feelings of the characters (participants) of the story, which means the narrator, the sheikh, the student, the Efendi (employee), the Circassian old man, and the village chief. The second layer, , which means the Text World, in this short story, which contains more world-building elements and -function advancing propositions, is mostly composed of -function advancing propositions that serve to construct and expand the narrative, and their text type is mostly narrative, and the document type in it is of the executive type. In some cases, it also describes characters and scenes, which, through the alignment of these elements during different text worlds, have transformed into various characters of the story, and the extensive use of narrative and executive texts has brought dynamism to the narrative.

In the final layer, which is devoted to Sub Worlds, the Deictic Sub World are mostly direct quotations, and the frequency of attitudinal sub worlds has been embedded sub worlds with belief and want worlds, and the epistemic sub world of this story is more about possibility and probability, embedded and internalizing for the near future.

Keywords: Cognitive Linguistics, Cognitive Poetics, Text Worlds Theory, Muhammad Teimoor, In the Train.