Sociological analysis of the novel "Al-Shar'a Al-Jadeed" by Abdul Hamid Jouda Al-Sahar Based on Lucien Goldman's theory

Introduction: Literary criticism analyzes literary works in different ways, and each work deserves a special kind of criticism based on its characteristics. Lucien Goldman is one of the theorists of social criticism and one of the most famous structuralist critics. He calls his critical method Generative structuralism and searches for the reason for the emergence of literary structures in historical conditions. As a well-known Egyptian novelist, Abdulhamid Jodeh al-Sahar, whose works have been introduced as the history and birth certificate of Arab societies, has placed the Arab homeland as the main core and the origin of his stories. He presents a clear and transparent image of different social groups and in most of his novels he reveals problems that have led different generations to ruin and destruction and in all his works he has a great commitment to the Arab society and his concern is the reflection of the realities and problems of the societies, which requires various groups of these societies to play a role on behalf of the people of the society. Therefore, the present research aims to investigate the novel "Al-Shar'a Al-Jadeed" by the mentioned author with a descriptive and analytical method, relying on Lucien Goldman's constructive structuralism criticism and analyzing the components of this criticism. The results of the research show that there is complete harmony between the totality of these works and the totality of the author's social situation, and it is consistent with the intellectual structures of the society groups, and their worldview can be found in what they wrote.

Methodology: The current research is descriptive and analytical and aims to introduce the prominent novelist Abdul Hamid Jouda Al-Sahar and his work "Al-Shar'a Al-Jadeed" and first examines the French sociologist and critic Lucien Goldman and his theory of social criticism, and then examines this theory in the aforementioned story. Investigate and analyze. The collection of information is also in the form of a library and by the method of taking a chip.

Results and Discussion: Formative structuralism is one of the methods of literary criticism proposed by the famous theorist, Lucien Goldman. Based on this theory, literary structures are rooted in historical conditions. Among the terms that Goldman mentioned many times in his social criticism method is the term "meaningful structure" which means the coherence and continuity of the elements and components of the story to represent a comprehensive goal and totality. Goldman emphasized the connection between literary structure and social structure. As a committed novelist, in his social novels, Al-Sahhar has focused more on cultural aspects, social habits, norms and deviations, values and anti-values, and the influence between the individual and the society. In this novel, the author tries to show, sometimes through the narrator's language and sometimes through the different faces of the characters, the crookedness and inaccuracies in the actions and thoughts of the social classes. In Goldman's opinion, totality is a completely dialectical category, and this issue forms the basis of Goldman's thought. Goldman's method is to find the hidden worldview of the work and its connection to a specific social group. Therefore, it can be said that the literary work is not only the result of the author's intellectual structures and worldview, but also displays the mental structures of the groups and classes in the society. Therefore, in Lucien Goldman's critical method, they emphasize the existence of a transpersonal agent for literary works. One of the clear examples of the transpersonal subject that Sohar discussed in his novel is related to the subject of awakening and anti-tyranny. By showing the face of colonialism and dealing with the suffering and problems of people who were under colonialism, he has actually addressed the opinions and opinions of a group. In order to introduce his thoughts to the audience and reflect the realities and problems of the society, the author asks various groups to play a role. The group of thoughts and ideas that unites the members of a group and class and separates them from another group or class is called worldview. This novel like other stories of Suhar is written based on a set of thoughts and tendencies. The author has made his ideology the ruler of the text he produced, in such a way that each of his stories can be considered a special worldview period, which, by seeking the help of different characters and groups in the world of the story, He conveys his attitude and worldview to the audience. In addition to this, al-Sahar has created people with different views in the story, each of which displays that possible awareness. Sahar is a realist writer and social and political issues are the main theme of his works. The hero of Suhar's stories can also be considered as one of the problematic people who came from the middle class and their ideals and values are faced with unsolvable problems.

Conclusion: The novel "Al-Shar'a Al-Jadeed" is a clear diagram of the situation of the Egyptian society in all social, political, economic and cultural dimensions. The type of characters in Suhar's novel is such that each one is a representative and an image of different groups and types of society. With the help of the superpersonal subject, the author shows a picture of the family, mothers and hardworking women in the story and introduces the worldview of the middle social class. Ali is the hero of the story and the embodiment of the author's thoughts and ideals. He is a transpersonal actor who conveys the voice of the middle class and the ideals and desires of the group to the audience. In this story, the meaningful structure has a wide connection with the internal contradictions of the structure. The poverty that is depicted in the story has a deep connection with the economic structure of the author's era. Al-Shareba has depicted the current issues and selected fictional characters from among the ordinary classes, drawing a realistic society and showing the conditions of his time with the help of fictional art.