بازنمود کابوس تنهایی در برخی اشعار عبدالله بردونی با تکیه بر مکتب وجودی اروین یالوم

Introduction: Loneliness has always been one of the fundamental challenges of human existence and has a history as long as humanity itself. Given the extensive changes in the present era, loneliness has become one of the common topics in psychological research, and many researchers have examined this issue. Yalom is one of the individuals who conducted extensive research in this field, and his studies led to the establishment of existential therapy. In this school of thought, human existential suffering is divided into suffering from meaninglessness, suffering from freedom, fear of death, and suffering from loneliness. Yalom elaborates on human existential suffering in his book "Existential Psychotherapy" and believes that in discussions of loneliness, the clinical therapist encounters three forms of isolation: "interpersonal, intrapersonal, and existential." The topic of loneliness has consistently been addressed in literature, with poets and writers depicting their personal experiences of this complex and sometimes overwhelming feeling. Baradouni, a contemporary scholar and writer, is among the poets who, with his unique worldview and profound, thought-provoking perspective on the world, has reflected the bitter and sweet experiences of life in his poetry. His tumultuous life, marked by unfortunate events and numerous challenges, has naturally confronted him with the pain of loneliness.

Methodology: The present research, adopting a descriptive-analytical approach and utilizing the perspectives of Yalom regarding the nature and types of loneliness, examines the various dimensions of this phenomenon in the poetry of Baradouni. It aims to answer the question of how loneliness and the anxiety stemming from it are manifested in his works and what strategies the poet has employed to cope with his solitude.

Results and Discussion: Baradouni, a prominent contemporary Arab poet and writer, has expressed his pains and loneliness in a unique way in his poetry collection, addressing both his personal suffering and the struggles of modern humanity in general. Loneliness in his poetry is often depicted as an individual, sensory, and internal experience, illustrated through three types: interpersonal, intrapersonal, and existentialism.

Interpersonal loneliness: Factors such as physical distance, separation, the death of loved ones, and lack of understanding and frustration play a role in the formation of this type of loneliness. Given the emergence of various crises and painful challenges in life, the presence of interpersonal loneliness in the poetry of Baradouni seems inevitable and natural. Among the bitter experiences that have led to this type of loneliness in the poet's character is the death of his mother; a mother who had become his only refuge and support after Baradouni lost his sight. This deep attachment, following the loss of his mother, ensnared him in a soul-crushing loneliness. The death and loss of close friends and separation from a beloved are two other fundamental and influential factors that exacerbate the sense of interpersonal loneliness within the poet.

Intrapersonal Loneliness: In Yalom's perspective, intrapersonal loneliness is a profound experience in which the various components of an individual's existence become distanced from one another. An examination of the poetry of Baradouni reveals examples of this loneliness. While his spirit soars in search of the heavens and higher dimensions of existence, he finds himself among the earthly and the limited realities of life. Intrapersonal loneliness has other causes and motivations, including isolation, seclusion, and retreat. Baradouni also depicts his own dark solitude in his poetry and alludes to the pain and suffering that lie within his heart.

Existential Loneliness: Yalom believes in a form of loneliness that transcends interpersonal and intrapersonal loneliness, which is existential loneliness. This existential loneliness is always present with the individual; by studying and examining the poetry of Baradouni, one can find examples of this type of loneliness. Despite his physical presence among family and relatives, he presents an image of his spiritual isolation. Loneliness is Baradouni's inescapable suffering, so deeply embedded in his being that it seems to have become an inseparable part of his identity. This profound sense of loneliness has surrounded him in a dark and merciless world, causing him to pass his days without companionship. Meanwhile, time, relentlessly and without pause, has trapped him in this endless cycle of pain and despair, pushing him from one sorrow to another with each moment. To escape from these three types of loneliness, Baradouni seeks refuge in poetry, entrusting his feelings, emotions, memories, and sufferings to verse.

Conclusion: A comparative study of Abdullah Baradouni's poems within Irwin Yalom's theoretical framework reveals that, despite the poet's preoccupation with the political and social issues of the region (Yemen and the Arab world), the bitter experiences of life have deeply involved him in the fundamental challenge of loneliness.

The analysis of the results showed that all three types of loneliness defined by Yalom are present in Baradouni's poetic system. Interpersonal loneliness is clearly evident in the aftermath of personal events such as the loss of his mother and separation from friends, which have fueled feelings of alienation and wandering. Intrapersonal loneliness, resulting from internal fragmentation – that is, sacrificing aspirations in favor of accepting obligations, neglecting talents, and tending towards isolationism – is manifested in the poet. Furthermore, existential loneliness, which reflects the poet's inescapable understanding of the inherent isolation of humans in the face of existence, is woven into the fabric of his artistic identity as a profound truth.

Faced with the suffering caused by this triple isolation and the failure to establish complete satisfaction in relationships or complete self-knowledge, poetry is chosen as Baradouni's sole refuge and existential haven. He entrusts his feelings and sorrows to the realm of poetry in order to find companionship within this context. However, this healing is of a relative nature, because the poet preserves the pain of loneliness as an inseparable part of his being. From this perspective, poetry is not a definitive cure for Baradouni, but rather a continuous process of consolation and psychological reconstruction through which he achieves a kind of balance and active existential acceptance by actively transforming suffering into artistic heritage.