بررسی استعاره های مفهومی مبتنی بر مزاوجه های اضافی با محوریت واژه «الأسى» در شعر ابوالقاسم شابی بر اساس نظریه لیکاف وجانسون

One of the topics that has drawn the attention of literature researchers In recent years is the analysis of literary texts based on Lakoff and Johnson's Conceptual Metaphor Theory. This theory offers a new and different understanding of metaphor, where, unlike the traditional definition, metaphor Is not merely examined from its superficial aspect. Instead, it focuses on the semantic layers or concepts hidden behind the words.

Abul-Qasim Al-Shabbi (1909-1934) is a prominent Tunisian poet who used additional verbal pairings (Additional verbal arguments) in his verses to create artistic appeal. In these combinations, the mudhaf (first term of an idafa construction) Is a sensory matter, while the mudhaf ilayh (second term) is an abstract matter. Connecting tangible things to intangible concepts in combinations with underlying metaphorical or similic structures is a method that semantically enriches and deepens poetry. The aim of this research Is to analyze concepts related to the target semantic domain, namely sorrow (Sadness), in Abul-Qasim Al-Shabbi's collected works, and to understand the poet's perspective on the notion of sorrow.

This research seeks to answer the fundamental question: What semantic implications and new aesthetic dimensions do the verbal pairings within the domain of al-asā (deep sorrow), based on conceptual metaphor, add to the poetry, and what concepts are used as source domains In the metaphors of the semantic domain of sorrow?



Methodology:

This research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method based on Lakoff and Johnson's (1980) Conceptual Metaphor Theory.



Results and Discussion

Additional verbal pairings (Additional verbal arguments) are one of the most Important tools for imagery in Abul-Qasim Al-Shabbi's poems. These additional combinations function similarly to conceptual metaphors; in that they, like conceptual metaphors, are formed from two semantic domains: a target semantic domain and a source semantic domain. The source domain In these combinations consists of sensory and concrete matters such as (mountain, wave, lightning), and the target domain consists of abstract matters such as (sorrow, pain, death). The abstract target domain is understood through the concrete source domain. In essence, a less familiar (more) and more abstract domain Is made comprehensible through a more familiar (more) and tangible domain.

These combinations, like conceptual metaphors, are meaning-creating; that is, they bring novelty to words and meaning, bestow fresh and new meanings upon speech, and cause other concepts to be understood through the use of certain words. For example, In the pairing "mountain of life" (Mountain of Life) and the simile of life to a mountain, we understand the hardships and difficulties of life through the vastness and weight of a mountain. In other words, with simple, tangible, and sensory words, the speaker's intended concepts are quickly conveyed.

Conclusion:

This research demonstrates that Abul-Qasim Al-Shabbi extensively utilized ontological and structural metaphors in the form of verbal pairings to conceptualize sorrow. The source domains predominantly include natural phenomena (wave, sea, storm, fog), materIal objects (thorn, clothing, cup, mask), and concepts related to place and performance. These metaphors portray sorrow as an omnipresent, destructive, painful, and ambiguous force, and sometimes as a scene of social passivity.

This approach revealed how abstract concepts are formed In the poet's mind through systematic mappings from tangible domains, enabling him to express complex emotions in a concrete and impactful manner. Furthermore, Shabbi was able to embody the concept of sorrow In various ways through verbal pairings containing diverse metaphorical images, including:

"Valley of Sorrow" (Wadi al-Asā) to denote prolonged and paralyzing sorrows and states of deep depression.

"Slaves of Sorrow" (ʿAbīd al-Asā) to evoke internalized and structural sorrows.

"Palm of Sorrow" (Kaff al-Asā) for materialized and palpable sorrows.

Keywords: Divan of Abolqasem Shabi, sadness, conceptual metaphor, verbal metaphor, Lakoff, Johnson.

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