تحلیل کاربردشناختی نمایشنامه‌ی «قطط و فیران» اثر علی‌احمد باکثیر با تأکید بر نظریه‌ی گرایس

Introduction

The dramatic world is formed through the connection of numerous intratextual and extratextual elements. Dialogue is one of the most fundamental elements of the intralinguistic structure of a play, which includes a set of action words and implied meanings. Understanding the implicit expressions of dramatic discourse will be possible if they refer to extralinguistic factors such as time, place, etc.; if a specific context is not defined for these types of expressions, the meaning will always remain ambiguous. In this regard, pragmatics is one of the new approaches to criticism that will be very effective in discovering and expressing implicit concepts by studying the relationship between verbal actions and the surrounding context. This approach is considered one of the main branches of linguistics. In fact, it examines humans, their goals and desires through conversation.

Herbert Paul Grice is a philosopher of language and a pioneer in the field of pragmatics. He believes that through the use of language and the analysis of the conversation of speakers, one can understand their intentions and intentions. According to Grice, conversation is a type of interaction based on cooperation and the continuation of this interaction will be possible through the purpose that the speaker and listener have defined for the conversation. In this regard, he has presented a theory called the "principle of cooperation." The principle in question includes rules about the subtext of texts. If one or more of these rules are violated, the discourse will have an implicit or implied meaning. Since Grice's cooperation model studies various types of oral and written conversations, it will be very helpful in the analysis of dramatic texts, including the work " Qatt wa Firan."

The play "Qatt wa Firan" is a social comedy by Ali Ahmad Bakthir, which has great potential for conducting pragmatic research due to its multi-layered, symbolic, and metaphorical dialogues. Therefore, the purpose of the pragmatic analysis of this play based on Grice's theory is to explain the role of indirect linguistic acts in constructing implicit concepts and subtextual layers of the text by applying the principles of associativity. In this way, while presenting a new reading of the play in question, it also achieved new manifestations of the author's worldview.



Methodology

In the present study, based on Grice's four principles and the descriptive-analytical method, the allusive and implicit meanings of the work Al-Qatt and Al-Firan, as well as the ability of the dialogue element to create narrative components, are attempted to be explained, and the following questions are answered:

What are the causes and motivations for violating the principles of cooperation in the play "The Cats and the Foxes"? What is the narrative function resulting from violating these principles in the work in question?



Result and Discussion

In the present study, based on Grice's theory of cooperation, the pragmatic analysis of the social comedy play " Qatt wa Firan" was conducted. The research findings show that The rule of quantity in the form of understatement and overstatement with the aim of observing politeness, explaining the reasons for the betrayal, evading accountability to the audience, and emphasizing the rejection of the murder request has not been observed; the principle of quality based on the expression of undocumented and false statements by the characters has been violated; The rule of quantity in the form of understatement and overstatement with the aim of observing politeness, explaining the reasons for the betrayal, evading accountability to the audience, and emphasizing the rejection of the murder request has not been observed; the principle of quality has been violated based on the characters' undocumented and false statements; The principle of method, whose mechanism is metaphor and permission, has often been violated with the intention of hiding the mental idea of individuals as well as reprimanding them, especially in order to ridicule the character of Samia. The principle of communication has been violated in the form of the lack of logical continuity of the fragments of speech and due to changing the subject of discussion talking about desirable matters, secretly encouraging revenge, rejecting the request for murder, and diverting the mind of the just character from the thought of murder.

Failure to adhere to any of these four rules has played a significant role in advancing the character development technique; by violating the principles of quantity, quality, communication, and style, it can be seen that Adel has a psychotic, controlling, and impulsive personality, Ramzi and Samia's failure to observe the principle of quantity and quality indicates that they are avoidant personalities; Nafisa has a paranoid personality due to her utterance of fabricated and unrealistic statements, and Raze is also satisfied with the statements of peace-loving individuals who try to improve Samia and Adel's relations by any means, even by uttering unrealistic statements. In addition to what has been said in the present work, violating the principle of quantity has led to the creation of an atmosphere of fear, violating the strategy of style has caused mental suspense or ambiguity in the audience, and not adhering to the rule of communication has led to the creation of a knot-tying technique.



Conclusion

The results show that in this play, the principles of cooperation have often been violated in order to explain the causes, roots, and pathology of unfavorable marital relationships. Each of the characters in the play has violated the four principles based on their psychological states and worldview; in addition, the violation of the aforementioned principles has been effective in advancing some narrative techniques such as characterization, atmosphere creation, and plotting.