بازتاب جلوه های چند صدایی در رمان «الثلج یأتی من النافذة» حنّا مینة بر اساس نظریه باختین

Introduction: There are two general categories in relation to novel analysis: novels whose purpose is to serve the author's beliefs, and novels whose characters do not seek to confirm the author's words and whose aim is not to prove a single theme. The first category of novels, known as monologue novels, require a passive reader until the end of the story, who accompanies a character with the help of the narrator, and the story continues with his plot and thoughts. In such works, the possibility of readers understanding the same concept from the novel's text is expected; But second-rate novels have a mixed form, and it is difficult to draw a clear line between them. In such dialogues, "sometimes the voice of the author is heard, sometimes the voice of the character, sometimes the background voices of the narrator, and sometimes the voices of culture, society, politics, ideology, and attitudes contemporary with the writing or those that were in use in the past." The term "polyphony" first appeared in music and was introduced into fields such as criticism and studies by Bakhtin in the first half of the twentieth century. From this theorist's perspective, the novel's maturity is exemplified by the "polyphonic" novel, because the characters in "polyphonic" novels are multiple and have different voices, and the focus of the story does not rely on one or two characters, but rather the perspectives of all the characters in the novel are present, like a society in which all individuals participate. In this type of novel, people's voices are more important than their faces, and domineering and limiting voices have no place.

Methodology: This research is based on descriptive and analytical method. This article aims to first explain the term "polyphony" from Bakhtin's point of view and after a brief review of the author's situation and the introduction of the novel, analyze the characteristics and examples of "polyphony" in the said novel.



Results and discussion: The text of the novel "Al-Thalj Yaati Men Al-nafezah" shows the internal conflicts of "Fayyaz" and the reflection of the sounds of the surrounding environment on his character, as a result of which these sounds are imposed on him, we witness the emergence of a restless personality. He has a lot of doubt and makes a new decision every moment. In this novel, mutual concepts such as confidentiality and non-confidentiality, consent and non-consent, etc. are observed; Mutual concepts whose role is not erased or ineffective anywhere in the novel. Based on this, there are several different sounds. In this novel, the conversation is to express different points of view. In fact, most of the events of this story proceed with dialogue. In this novel, each of the characters in the novel are representatives of different social bases, which, in addition to distinguishing the individuality of the characters independently, reveals their different ideologies, and sometimes the confrontation of these opinions highlights the "multi-voice" nature of the work. By using the "polyphonic" technique, the author allows the characters of the novel to stand up for themselves and not be condemned all the time. In the mentioned novel, with the disappearance of the complete mastery of the narrator, the equal power of the characters and the narrator in expressing their opinions turns into their competition with each other. In addition, the dialogue in this novel is not a tool to depict the events and hide the narrator or the author, but it is a goal that can be used to measure the amount of conflict and incoherence between the voices of the story, and the reason for this is that the dialogue has different levels. is thought Apart from this, the dialogue has caused the elimination of one-sided and ideological views in the novel. Fayyaz's hidden conflict in the mentioned novel is the result of his internal conflict with the voices formed in his mind, the voices imposed on him by the society and the people around him. In this novel, Fayyaz's argument is manifested in the form of voices across each other and at the same time. He reveals the dimension of suffering and crying resulting from the separation of the homeland, comrades, friends and acquaintances and prefers captivity over exile.

Conclusion: In this article, the study of "Polyphony" in the novel "Al-Thalj Yaati Men Al-nafezah" was discussed, and important results were obtained from this passage, the most important of which are:

- As a "multi-voice" novel, this novel gives us a chance to think, neither the author's voice is loud in it, nor the characters' voices.

- In this novel, the narrator is a third person or omniscient; But the number of narrators is also evident in it. When the novel is narrated from the third person language, the perspective of Fayaz's character is external, and when the novel is narrated from the first person language, the perspective changes towards Fayaz and becomes an internal perspective.

- The existence of elements such as the structure of mutual concepts, "polyphonic" among the social classes present in the novel, the presence of characters with two opposite dimensions, and multilingualism confirm the polyphonic nature of the text. In addition, the polyphonic nature of the mentioned novel allows us to understand the presence of the narrator in the role of the hidden narrator (third person), the endless internal and external conflicts of opposing voices, and the non-declaration of the victory of one voice over other voices on the part of the narrative text and the narrator.

- In this novel, there are discourse contradictions around an event, namely Fayyaz's struggles. And in fact, different discourse trends can be inferred in the novel. Interpretability, lack of dominance of ideology and the same point of view on the novel and lack of dogmatism of the author in creating a single story picture for the audience are prominent aspects of this wok.

Keywords: Bakhtin, polyphonic, Hanna Mineh, " Al-Thalj Yaati Men Al-nafezah ".