مقایسۀ جامعه‌شناسانه‌ی سبک نوشتار زنانه و مردانه در شعر مقاومت براساس رویکرد لیکاف؛ بررسی موردی قصیده «آهات» فدوی طوقان و «بطاقة هویة» محمود درویش

Linguistic differences between men and women are evident in all languages and are a biological, social and to some extent cultural phenomenon because women's speech has different values from men's speech. With the emergence of the women's movement, topics such as the relationship between the mind and gender were raised, and the question of whether the mind of a man and a woman are different from each other? Therefore, gender language refers to the specific writing style of a gender; A style that is formed based on ideology, position and a specific point of view.

The present study aims to elucidate the differences between feminine and masculine writing styles and examines the linguistic features of two poetic samples from Palestinian literature. Fadwa Tuqan and Mahmoud Darwish are prominent poets of resistance, embodying the Palestinian ideal in their poetry. Fadwa Tuqan is a prominent representative of Palestinian women who have endured suffering and numerous hardships due to the occupation of their land, while Mahmoud Darwish's poems almost always conclude with references to Palestine, weaving themes of suffering, longing, and aspirations. The feminine and masculine writing styles in the poems "Ahat" by Fadwa Tuqan and "Identity Card" by Mahmoud Darwish are analyzed to delineate the differences in writing styles. These linguistic differences are evident both in the lexical, syntactic, and rhetorical layers, as well as in the content and substance of the poems by these two poets. Based on this analysis, the study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What are the most important grammatical and rhetorical features of the two mentioned poems that indicate feminine and masculine writing styles, and what differences do they exhibit?

2. In terms of content, how have these two poets contributed to strengthening the literature of resistance by addressing which themes?

Methodology:

Using the theory of Robin Likoff in the field of gender linguistics and with a descriptive-analytical method, the present essay seeks to represent this difference in the poetic language of Fadwa Tuqan and Mahmoud Darwish. Considering that both of them are resistance poets and the cause of Palestine is prominently expressed in their poetry, the importance of this matter increases.

Results and Discussion:

In the contemporary era, the sociology of language examines the influence of language and society, and they believe that the geographical region, social level, gender, occupation, etc. cause language differences. In the meantime, Robin Likoff one of the most famous sociologists who has studied the relationship between language and gender and believes that women have their own special terms and tendencies in the use of grammatical and phonetic structures, which the most important distinctions between feminine and masculine writing styles can be briefly mentioned below:

1. In her own language, a woman uses words that evoke respect and admiration from others and observes social norms, while men tend to observe these less.

2. In many societies, women either do not have social roles or have lower social roles compared to men, so they try to use language as a tool to assert themselves in society.

3. The woman uses simple and understandable words because she seeks to establish a connection with the listener, but the man tries to demonstrate his knowledge and superiority, so he uses difficult and complex words.

4. Men often insist on their own views, but women try to leave the topic open for conclusions. They express their opinions and ideas with doubt, and their conversations are less definitive.

In the field of linguistic gender studies, by utilizing the sociolinguistic domain of language, one can analyze linguistic differences and indicators of feminine and masculine writing styles, and evaluate texts structurally and content-wise.

Conclusion:

Fadwa Tuqan follows common patterns in the use of words, but when she gets angry, she uses swear words. In terms of syntactic structure, Mahmoud Darwish directly addresses the enemy and uses a sarcastic and commanding tone with interrogative structures and repeated phrases. Fadwa, on the other hand, tries to evoke emotions in the audience indirectly through the use of interrogative sentence structures, but sometimes she feels so much anger towards the enemy that she directly commands them using imperative verbs.

In terms of rhetorical structure, the similes and metaphors used in both poetic samples effectively convey feminine and masculine emotions. Tuqan utilizes everyday idioms and household items, while Darwish employs terms that signify resilience and toughness.

Tuqan portrays her chaotic surroundings with delicate emotions through the use of repetition, a characteristic of feminine writing style, while Mahmoud Darwish uses this style to assert the authenticity of the Palestinians.

The spirit of resistance is also evident in the content of the poems; Fadwa, a very emotional poet, uses provocative words to garner support for the Palestinian cause and adopts a melancholic tone. However, Darwish, by distancing himself from emotions, speaks of the loss of Palestinian rights with strong and logical arguments, addressing the enemy from a position of power.