بازتاب مؤلفه های کارناوال گرایی میخائیل باختین در رمان "بیروت 75" اثر غادة السمان

Reflecting the components of Mikhail Bakhtin's carnivals-que in the novel Beirut 75 by Ghada Al-saman

Introduction: fiction literature, in the place of important literary topics, is one of the many parts of the field of literature in its special sense, which includes all prose narrative works such as short stories, romances, novels, and short stories, and any with the real world. It is placed in the field of faction. Among these, the novel, which reflects the realities of life, is the most famous and dominant from of literary crystallization of the modern era. Therefore, from the very beginning, it has been the subject of attention and reflection by commentators with different intellectual tendencies, and many theories have been proposed in this complex literary genre. For example: structuralism theory, reflection of reality, post-colonial reading and carnivalism.

Methodology: This research will be done in a descriptive-analytical way. In this way, in the research stages, first the available study resources such as books, articles and theses related to the subject are identified and studied. Then, by collecting information and categorizing them, the field of analysis is determined.

Results and Discussion: Mikhail Bakhtin is one of the most prominent Russian thinkers and theorists in the second half of the 20th century, that the conditions governing the environment in which he lived, along with the special worldview he had towards man and society and the connecting factors between them, caused him to establish a theory worthy of attention under the title of dialogism. Nahad, which includes many topics in various fields of philosophical sciences, linguistics, literature, social sciences, etc. his theory can be considered as a big theory. Because it contains special sub-theories, each of which has been proposed to prove this main theory and has been very important in its own way and has found a fundamental place among all kinds of theories. One of these theories in the field of literature by being inspired by the carnival celebrations of the middle centuries of Europe. Because according to bakhtin's belief, the carnival, like the novel beyond its structural features, is always a tool for the crystallization of society with its political, social and cultural concepts, as well as expressing different realities, thoughts, cultures and languages in order to contrast culture and it is considered official and unofficial literature. Therefore, the novel is the most important genre that can appear not only in the theory of carnivalism but also in the central core of her main theory-dialogism-along with all the concepts that are defined under it. in this theory, Bakhtin uses many components such as polyphony, grotesque realism, humor, relativity and masks, etc. in this article, the authors try to analyze the novel Beirut 75 by Ghada Al-Saman, which with a special delicacy, depicts the depth of the administrative corruption of the ruling system and the roots of class differences in the Lebanese society of the seventies, based on the components of this theory.

Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the review of the Beirut 75 novel and the answer to the first question of the research regarding the capacity of the mentioned novel in representing the main components of carnival speech, it can be explained as follows. The novel Beirut 75 in the light of five narratives of the lives of many people with different styles and cultures and contrasting with the official culture, each of which is a symbol of the existing strata in the society, to describe the social classes, customs, clear differences between powerful and poor and the inequalities between them have been discussed in the darkness of the Lebanese civil wars. In this way, on the one hand, he has depicted a dynamic mixture of diverse and mutual voices, and on the other hand, he has mocked the beliefs and ideologies of the ruling power with a two-way discourse in the goal is to achieve freedom and change. Considering that most of the elements used in the novel are closely related to the characteristics of Bakhtin's carnival speech, the researched novel can be considered as one of the successful works of carnivalism. And in response to the second question, it is concluded that Ghada al-saman in the novel Beirut 75 by creating many characters with different ideas who seek to achieve their dreams and goals in the chaotic situation of the society and by comparing them in addition to conveying the voice of the suppressed and marginalized sections of the society, by the prejudices of traditional society to everyone's ears It tries to depict the chaotic political and social situation and class differences of its time.

Keywords: Mikhail Bakhtin, Carnivales-que, Ghada Al-saman, Beirut 75.